[
 {
  "hospital_system": "AHMC Healthcare",
  "ownership_code": "fp",
  "ownership_label": "For-profit / publicly traded",
  "why": "Privately held for-profit hospital chain.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": []
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "AMITA Health (Ascension)",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Part of Ascension Illinois; same SCP Health (Onex) hospitalist outsourcing applies.",
  "trace": "AMITA/Ascension IL -> SCP Health -> Onex Corporation (PE)",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.grassley.senate.gov"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Alameda Health System",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Allegheny Health Network",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Allina Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Ascension",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Nonprofit on paper, PE-LINKED via clinical staffing: outsourced hospitalist staffing at all Illinois hospitals to SCP Health (June 2024), owned by PE firm Onex Corporation; outsourced Wisconsin ICU staffing to TeamHealth (Aug 2025), owned by Blackstone.",
  "trace": "Ascension hospitals -> SCP Health (hospitalists, IL) -> Onex Corporation (PE); Ascension WI -> TeamHealth (ICU) -> Blackstone (PE)",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.grassley.senate.gov",
   "https://www.baldwin.senate.gov",
   "https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/ascension-outsource-private-equity-chicago/711372/",
   "https://www.ncronline.org"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Barton Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Boston Medical Center Health System",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Nonprofit academic health system; no confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in the reporting used for this tracker as of July 2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Beth Israel Lahey Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Bon Secours Mercy Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Care New England",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Catholic Health (Buffalo)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Catholic Health (Long Island)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Cedars-Sinai",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "CommonSpirit (Dignity Health)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "CommonSpirit (VMFH)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Commonwealth Health",
  "ownership_code": "fp",
  "ownership_label": "For-profit / publicly traded",
  "why": "Brand of Community Health Systems (NYSE: CYH), publicly traded; top holders include BlackRock and Vanguard.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": []
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Cook County Health (public)",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Essentia / Aspirus",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Essentia Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Geisinger",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "HCA Healthcare",
  "ownership_code": "fp",
  "ownership_label": "For-profit / publicly traded",
  "why": "Publicly traded (NYSE: HCA); largest shareholders include Vanguard and BlackRock. Also PE-adjacent staffing: Valesco Physician Services JV with Envision (KKR-era), HCA took full ownership Aug 2024.",
  "trace": "HCA EDs -> Valesco Physician Services -> formerly Envision Healthcare (KKR 2018-2023)",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.fiercehealthcare.com",
   "https://www.hsgac.senate.gov"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Hartford HealthCare",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Hawaii Pacific Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "HealthPartners",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Healthcare Systems of America",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Operates former Steward Health Care hospitals; Steward was owned by Cerberus Capital Management, which extracted ~$800M before the 2024 bankruptcy.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://pestakeholder.org"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Henry Ford Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Independent / other",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "John Muir Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Kaiser Permanente",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Clinicians employed via Permanente Medical Groups (physician-owned). No PE staffing link found."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Keck Medicine of USC",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Kindred (ScionHealth)",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Directly PE-owned: ScionHealth (Kindred hospitals) created/backed by TPG Capital and Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe via the Kindred/LifePoint deals.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://pestakeholder.org"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "LA County (public)",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "LCMC Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Legacy Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Logan Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "MarinHealth",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Mass General Brigham",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "McLaren Health Care",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "MemorialCare",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Montefiore Health System",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Mount Sinai / Montefiore",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Mount Sinai / Montefiore / NYP",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Mountain Health Network",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "MultiCare",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Multiple systems (Twin Cities)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "MyMichigan / McLaren",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "MyMichigan Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "NYC Health + Hospitals",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "NewYork-Presbyterian",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Northern Light Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Northwell Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "PIH Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "PeaceHealth",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Prime Healthcare",
  "ownership_code": "fp",
  "ownership_label": "For-profit / publicly traded",
  "why": "Privately held for-profit hospital chain.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": []
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Providence",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Tarzana ED staffed by independent Tarzana Emergency Medical Associates. No PE link confirmed."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Quorum Health",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Owned by distressed-debt/PE investors GoldenTree Asset Management and Davidson Kempner since 2023 restructuring; announced transition to nonprofit \"Healthside Partners\" in fall 2026.",
  "trace": null,
  "sources": [
   "https://quorumhealth.com"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "RWJBarnabas Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Hospital-employed emergency clinicians per Ivy Clinicians data. No PE link found."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Rochester Regional Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "SSM Health",
  "ownership_code": "pe",
  "ownership_label": "PE-backed / PE-linked",
  "why": "Nonprofit on paper, PE-LINKED via clinical staffing: hospitalist services at multiple SSM hospitals provided by Sound Physicians, majority-owned by PE firm Summit Partners (invested 2018; Optum/UnitedHealth also reported as investor).",
  "trace": "SSM Health hospitals -> Sound Physicians (hospitalists) -> Summit Partners (PE)",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.summitpartners.com/companies/sound-physicians",
   "https://soundphysicians.com"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "San Joaquin County (public)",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Santa Clara County (public)",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Sharp HealthCare",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "St. Charles Health System",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Stanford Medicine",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Sutter Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "EDs (e.g. Sutter Delta) staffed by Vituity - physician-owned democratic partnership, NOT PE. Stays nonprofit."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Temple Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Tenet Healthcare",
  "ownership_code": "fp",
  "ownership_label": "For-profit / publicly traded",
  "why": "Publicly traded (NYSE: THC); top holders include BlackRock and Vanguard. ED staffing contracts with Envision (KKR-era) and TeamHealth (Blackstone) documented, incl. AAEM-PG lawsuit over Placentia-Linda ED contract.",
  "trace": "Tenet EDs -> Envision / TeamHealth -> KKR-era creditors / Blackstone",
  "sources": [
   "https://www.aaem.org",
   "https://www.hsgac.senate.gov"
  ]
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Trinity Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Outsourcing disputes reported (CT) but vendor not confirmed PE-owned. Stays nonprofit pending evidence."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "Tufts Medicine (Wellforce)",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UChicago Medicine",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UI Health",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UPMC",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UR Medicine",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UnityPoint Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "No confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in public reporting as of mid-2026."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "University of California",
  "ownership_code": "gov",
  "ownership_label": "Public / government",
  "why": "County, city, or state/university public system."
 },
 {
  "hospital_system": "UMass Memorial Health",
  "ownership_code": "np",
  "ownership_label": "Nonprofit",
  "why": "Nonprofit academic health system; no confirmed private-equity ownership or PE staffing contract found in the reporting used for this tracker as of July 2026."
 }
]